什么是(shi)特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)?特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)一種應用(yong)于(yu)特(te)殊(shu)工作(zuo)環境的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，其內部結構、制(zhi)作(zuo)工藝相對于(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)更加復雜、更加耐用(yong)。現(xian)在(zai)特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)統一的(de)定(ding)義，特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)并不(bu)須要CCC強(qiang)制(zhi)認(ren)證，而是(shi)選擇(ze)認(ren)證。一般特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)檢驗(yan)尺(chi)度都是(shi)生(sheng)產廠商制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)，生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)遵照(zhao)國家GB尺(chi)度進行生(sheng)產。特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)在(zai)現(xian)在(zai)的(de)應用(yong)領(ling)域越來越廣泛。

相對來說特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用領(ling)域在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣配(pei)備(bei)上面的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用是十(shi)分廣泛的(de)(de)(de)。像汽(qi)車(che)、采(cai)煤設(she)備(bei)、船舶、飛(fei)機(ji)等等有電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化須(xu)(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)域都須(xu)(xu)要(yao)運用特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。大型(xing)醫療設(she)備(bei)須(xu)(xu)要(yao)特殊的(de)(de)(de)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、汽(qi)車(che)等新型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)混合動力(li)汽(qi)車(che)須(xu)(xu)要(yao)薄壁低壓控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。采(cai)煤機(ji)須(xu)(xu)要(yao)特殊的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)油(you)耐(nai)高溫、耐(nai)撞(zhuang)擊的(de)(de)(de)特殊電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。很多領(ling)域開始運用特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)配(pei)備(bei)設(she)備(bei)。

在(zai)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜無(wu)(wu)法滿(man)足企(qi)業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的同時，特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜這一律念逐漸被大家所認(ren)識(shi)。國(guo)外早些(xie)年(nian)已經(jing)開始進(jin)行(xing)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的研(yan)發(fa)(fa)和生產(chan)，在(zai)國(guo)際競爭中積(ji)攢了十分多(duo)(duo)的經(jing)驗。由于我國(guo)工(gong)業程度發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)較晚，在(zai)一些(xie)配套行(xing)業中無(wu)(wu)法滿(man)足現(xian)今的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)需求(qiu)。一些(xie)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜無(wu)(wu)論從產(chan)品(pin)品(pin)種(zhong)還是(shi)(shi)產(chan)品(pin)工(gong)藝(yi)都有(you)(you)肯定的差距。在(zai)軌道交通領域，一些(xie)城(cheng)市(shi)地(di)鐵主電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜采取的是(shi)(shi)德國(guo)和英國(guo)制造的，當然這幾(ji)年(nian)也是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)地(di)鐵名目(mu)采取的是(shi)(shi)國(guo)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜廠的特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。能夠(gou)說，我國(guo)在(zai)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜領域還有(you)(you)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)路(lu)要(yao)(yao)走(zou)。現(xian)在(zai)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜應(ying)用這么廣泛，須要(yao)(yao)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)的新產(chan)品(pin)也比較多(duo)(duo)，要(yao)(yao)開發(fa)(fa)出具備劃時期的產(chan)品(pin)還須要(yao)(yao)各(ge)大院校和領域的配合。

特種電纜的(de)六大應用領域

應用領域一：軍品(pin)市(shi)場(chang)

大(da)型軍工(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)這些單(dan)位和企(qi)(qi)業(ye)肩負著(zhu)國家(jia)高(gao)(gao)科技(ji)裝備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)科研和現代化裝備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)任(ren)務(wu)，其所(suo)需(xu)(xu)要的(de)(de)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)大(da)多(duo)是耐高(gao)(gao)溫、重量(liang)輕的(de)(de)含氟塑料(liao)產品(pin)，所(suo)需(xu)(xu)特(te)種電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)數量(liang)也(ye)在(zai)迅速擴大(da)，某些特(te)殊(shu)產品(pin)尚需(xu)(xu)進口(kou)。調研結果顯示，裝備(bei)(bei)某型導彈，僅(jin)特(te)種電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)就需(xu)(xu)要200km;裝備(bei)(bei)某些電(dian)子對抗車，需(xu)(xu)特(te)種屏蔽線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)多(duo)達(da)300km。根據(ju)某一電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)反映以及外部銷(xiao)售信息收集，與該(gai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)有業(ye)務(wu)往來的(de)(de)軍品(pin)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)多(duo)達(da)45000km，但按該(gai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)至(zhi)今的(de)(de)設備(bei)(bei)、技(ji)術條件，該(gai)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)最(zui)多(duo)僅(jin)能滿足5000km，占需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)的(de)(de)11%。

應用領域(yu)二：民(min)品市場

主要涉及(ji)石油化工、冶金機(ji)械，地產建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、信息(xi)通信、汽(qi)車艦船(chuan)等產業(ye)。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)用(yong)線(xian)方面：90年代(dai)國外的高層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)就推(tui)廣(guang)采用(yong)含氟塑料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。其目的是(shi)利用(yong)氟塑料(liao)耐高溫、不(bu)(bu)延燃(ran)等特性來防(fang)范火(huo)災隱患。近幾年來，國內興起的智(zhi)能大樓中也有不(bu)(bu)少(shao)采用(yong)雙層(ceng)阻燃(ran)耐高溫(150℃及(ji)以上)的電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和(he)低煙無鹵環(huan)保電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，目的也是(shi)防(fang)止不(bu)(bu)安全事故(gu)產生。因(yin)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)用(yong)線(xian)品種繁多，用(yong)途廣(guang)泛(fan)，市場容(rong)量是(shi)巨(ju)大的。

應用(yong)領(ling)域三：石油(you)平臺

根據上(shang)海(hai)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)工程設計(ji)研(yan)究所資料，石(shi)(shi)油(you)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)需求數量(liang)與石(shi)(shi)油(you)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)的(de)建設數量(liang)有直接關系(xi)。每(mei)座(zuo)各類(lei)海(hai)上(shang)石(shi)(shi)油(you)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)用量(liang)是(shi)：自升式平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)150公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)，半潛式平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)180公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)，采油(you)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)200公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)200公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)，生(sheng)活平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)100公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。據此估計(ji)，我(wo)國每(mei)年新建、維修(xiu)海(hai)上(shang)石(shi)(shi)油(you)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)需要(yao)各類(lei)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)約8,000～10,000公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。預計(ji)到(dao)2020年將超過25000公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。僅就石(shi)(shi)油(you)開采項目(mu)來看，深井(jing)(jing)勘(kan)測電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)、深井(jing)(jing)潛油(you)泵電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)、加熱自控溫等多功能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，據不完全統計(ji)，每(mei)年的(de)需求量(liang)約在15000km。如果加上(shang)沿海(hai)地區的(de)石(shi)(shi)油(you)勘(kan)測、鉆(zhan)井(jing)(jing)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)，需求量(liang)也是(shi)不可估量(liang)的(de)。石(shi)(shi)油(you)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)供(gong)需缺口(kou)較大(da)。目(mu)前(qian)(qian)我(wo)國石(shi)(shi)油(you)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)已基本實(shi)現國產(chan)(chan)化，國內(nei)企業年產(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)約為8000～10000公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。按照目(mu)前(qian)(qian)國內(nei)產(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)和需求增長比例(li)測算，預計(ji)到(dao)2020年供(gong)需缺口(kou)將達到(dao)約10000公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。

應用領域四：海底電纜

隨著全(quan)球石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)、天然(ran)氣能源日益(yi)緊張，由(you)陸(lu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)采開(kai)始大規(gui)模地(di)轉向海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)洋(yang)領域，海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)洋(yang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)、天然(ran)氣工程(cheng)項目規(gui)模不(bu)斷(duan)擴大，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)從陸(lu)地(di)向海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)上石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)平臺、平臺與(yu)平臺之間進行電(dian)力(li)、通訊的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳輸(shu)及技術數據的(de)(de)(de)(de)反饋、控制，使綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)底電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)量在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)增長。根據我(wo)國石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)發(fa)展規(gui)劃，我(wo)國海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)洋(yang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)開(kai)發(fa)將迎(ying)來一個高(gao)速發(fa)展期，今后(hou)5年(nian)將有1200億元(yuan)投資(zi)于海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)洋(yang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)開(kai)發(fa)。預計2010～2020年(nian)間，石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)平臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加速度(du)將保持在(zai)8%~10%。我(wo)國石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)平臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)數量2008年(nian)約(yue)為(wei)250臺，每個既(ji)有石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)平臺每年(nian)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)維(wei)修用的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)底綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)纜約(yue)10km。而每個新建石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)平臺所需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)底綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)量約(yue)為(wei)40km。除石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)(you)(you)平臺需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)大量采用海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)底綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)纜外(wai)，我(wo)國對(dui)島嶼的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發(fa)利(li)用對(dui)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)底綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)也不(bu)斷(duan)增加，再加上海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)上風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)工程(cheng)項目對(dui)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)底綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)測(ce)算島嶼開(kai)發(fa)和海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)上風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)對(dui)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)底綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)數量約(yue)為(wei)300公里。據測(ce)算，2019年(nian)我(wo)國海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)底綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)缺口在(zai)3000公里左右。

應用領域(yu)五：民(min)航方(fang)面

目前(qian)(qian)國內民航事(shi)業蓬(peng)勃(bo)發展，據有關資料介紹，一(yi)架(jia)波音飛機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)用(yong)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)于80km，其中機艙布線(xian)用(yong)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少(shao)于30km，而且(qie)絕大(da)多(duo)數線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是體積小、重(zhong)量(liang)輕(qing)、耐高溫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輻照交(jiao)(jiao)聯或(huo)硅烷交(jiao)(jiao)聯電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。國防兵器(qi)推(tui)陳(chen)出(chu)新，民航事(shi)業蓬(peng)勃(bo)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)勢(shi)，對(dui)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)急劇上(shang)升。據了解某一(yi)飛機制造公司2003年出(chu)口任務需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)導(dao)線(xian)達6000km，因質量(liang)和(he)交(jiao)(jiao)貨(huo)期等原因還需(xu)要進口線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。至今(jin)空軍、兵器(qi)、航修(xiu)等行業已出(chu)現旺盛(sheng)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)勢(shi)頭，今(jin)后對(dui)線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)也是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。就線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)行業開看，能生產特種(zhong)線(xian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、品種(zhong)齊全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、具(ju)有一(yi)定規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業為(wei)數不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo)，特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場前(qian)(qian)景(jing)十分廣(guang)闊，此時正是發展特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極好機遇。

應用領域(yu)六(liu)：高溫超導輸電(dian)

高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)重要組成部分，具有(you)(you)極(ji)強(qiang)的(de)生命力(li)(li)(li)，供不應求，我國每年從國外進口約(yue)二(er)十(shi)億元用于(yu)國內建(jian)設(she)。由于(yu)采(cai)用具有(you)(you)很高(gao)(gao)(gao)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度(du)的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫超導(dao)材料作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)導(dao)體(ti)和(he)采(cai)用液態氮作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)冷卻介質(zhi)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫超導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)具有(you)(you)體(ti)積小、重量(liang)輕(qing)、損耗(hao)(hao)低、無火災隱患等(deng)優(you)點，常(chang)規(gui)(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)損耗(hao)(hao)約(yue)占傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)功率的(de)7%，而(er)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫超導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)損耗(hao)(hao)僅占 0.5%，若考(kao)慮到制(zhi)冷消耗(hao)(hao)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)，則最(zui)終節能(neng)在60%以上;在重量(liang)、尺寸相(xiang)同的(de)情況下，與常(chang)規(gui)(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)相(xiang)比，高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫超導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)容量(liang)可提高(gao)(gao)(gao)3至5倍、損耗(hao)(hao)下降60%，重量(liang)可降低80%以上，它適用于(yu)短(duan)距離(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)較大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)場合，如城市(shi)中心配電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解工業(ye)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)行業(ye)長期以來處(chu)于(yu)惡性競爭的(de)狀態之中，超導(dao)技術的(de)應用給電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)企(qi)業(ye)超越(yue)競爭對手(shou)的(de)一次機會，其發(fa)展如何將取(qu)決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)市(shi)場的(de)吸納能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)。

我國(guo)(guo)高(gao)溫(wen)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)研制(zhi)技術(shu)(shu)水平遠遠不能滿足(zu)新市場(chang)需(xu)求，我國(guo)(guo)在這(zhe)方面的(de)技術(shu)(shu)遠落后于(yu)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)******國(guo)(guo)家，近一半的(de)高(gao)溫(wen)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)需(xu)從(cong)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)進(jin)口，而國(guo)(guo)內有(you)些(xie)生產廠多集(ji)中于(yu)一些(xie)小廠，技術(shu)(shu)研制(zhi)和生產能力較弱，特別是生產加工仍(reng)局限(xian)于(yu)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)現有(you)設備(bei)和工裝，材料的(de)開(kai)發也沒能突破現有(you)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 料的(de)圈子。希望國(guo)(guo)內有(you)能力開(kai)發高(gao)溫(wen)特種電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)廠家能夠審時(shi)度(du)勢，針(zhen)對我國(guo)(guo)資源(yuan)情況，開(kai)發推廣高(gao)溫(wen)系(xi)列電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，提高(gao)我國(guo)(guo)在這(zhe)一技術(shu)(shu)領域的(de)水平，滿足(zu)我國(guo)(guo)高(gao)溫(wen)行業的(de)需(xu)求。